Postcolonial Imperatives in Representing the Indigenous Sacred: A Yanyuwa Case-Study by Frances Devlin-Glass. This essay comments on the collaborative efforts between the Yanuywa tribe and Australian Atnrphopologists to create an indegenous website.

Developing Protocols for dealing with indigenous materials in multimedia: by Claire Smith. Draft paper based on the Yanuywa experiment. Her recomendations bring to the surface a number of crucial issues regarding multimedia and representation.

Svetlana, Boym. The Future of Nostalgia. Basic Books, 2001. In her book Boym asks: "Can one be nostalgic for the home one never had?" Her answer is a mediation on Nostalgia in the age of Globalism. Though the Gnawa are never mentioned, the issues raised by the West embracing them are present in every page: exile, dislocation, memory and modernism are but a few.

Benedikt, Michael. Cyberspace:First Steps. MIT PRess, 1991. Collection of essays written more tha a decade ago. Notable themes: The fluidity of modern identity and Space as freedom of movement.

Heider, Karl G.Ethnographic Film.Univesity of Texas Press, 1976. Overview of celluloid cultural representations with an emphasis on preserving the integrity of persons, artifacts and events in relation to their context and their culture.

Geertz, Clifford. Islam Observed University of Chicago Press, 1968. Comparative study between Indonesia and Morocco. An excellent short introduction to thew origins and practices of Moroccan Islam.

Clifford Geertz. The Interpretation of Culture.Basic Books, 1973. Classic work in the field of Ethnography. Besides discussions on the limits of "intepretation" and "representation" in terms of our quest for what might possibly be "fake" universals, Geertz has a quote which beautifully fits Cyberspace:
"Man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun..."

Said, Edward W.. Orientalism. First Vintage Books, 1979. Classic study and critique of the way the "Orient" has been mis-represented by Western scholars.

Taylor, Timothy D. Global Pop: World Music, World Markets. New York: Routledge, 1997. Taylor explores the "world music" phenomenon while rasing issues of cultural theory, post-colonialism, resitance, cultural identity, authenticity, hybridity and commodification.

Bowles, Paul. Jacket notes. Music of Morocco: From the Archive of Folk Song. Rec. 1959. Library of Congress, C1-272/73, 1972. 12" record. The notes written by Paul Bowles on his 1959 recording project in Morocco introduce a wide range of Moroccan music, from Jewish music to Berber and Gnawa. Bowles stresses the oral nature of these cultures.

Bowles, Paul. CD notes. Gnawa Music of Marrakesh: Night Spirit Masters. Prod. Richard Horowitz and Bill Laswell. Axiom/Island Records, 1990. Bowles describes the history of the Gnawa as black slaves brought to Morocco and includes a moving translation of a Gnawa story about slavery.

Fuson, Timothy D. Music annotation. Al-Maghrib, Gnawa Music. Vol. 6 of The Music of Islam. 15 vols. Prod. David Parsons. Celestial Harmonies, 1997. The notes deal with the origins of the Gnawa and their integration into modern Moroccan society; their ituals of devotion and healing and the different narratives and themes of their songs.

A selected sampling of commercial Gnawa music. One of the fascinating aspects of this list is how few Moroccan labels there are. Gnawa music in Morocco is bought and sold in the form of pirated tapes.

Ancestral Healing. With Pops Mohamed, Hassan Hakmoun, and Ephat Mujuru. B&W Music, 069, 1995.
The Fire Within: Gnawa Music of Morocco. With Hassan Hakmoun. Music of the World, 1995.
Gift of the Gnawa. With Hassan Hakmoun, Adam Rudolph, Don Cherry, and Richard Horowitz. Flying Fish, 571, 1991.
Gnawa Essaouira. With Maaleem Mahmoud Ghania. Sounds of the World, 1999.
Gnawa Leila. 5 vols. Prod. Antonio Baldassarre and Michel Pagiras. Al Sur.
Gnawa Music of Marrakesh: Night Spirit Masters. Prod. Richard Horowitz and Bill Laswell. Axiom/Island Records, 1990.
Al-Maghrib, Gnawa Music. Vol. 6 of The Music of Islam. 15 vols. Prod. David Parsons. Celestial Harmonies, 1997.
No Quarter. With Robert Plant and Jimmy Page. Prod. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page. Atlantic, , 1994.
Ornette Coleman: Dancing in Your Head. Rec. 1973. Prod. Ornette Coleman. Verve, 2000.
A Prayer for the Soul of Layla. With Jamshied Sharifi, Hassan Hakmoun, and Paula Cole. Alula Records, 1999

Gnawa from Marrakech: Song for Sidi Mimoun - Felmay

Hadra des Gnaoua d'Essaouira - Ocora, Harmonia Mundi

Le Gnawa du Maroc. Ouled El 'Abdi - Auvidis/Ethnic

Al-Maghrib Gnawa Music - Celestial Harmonies

Mahmoud Ghanya with Pharoah Sanders: The Trance of Seven Colors - Axiom/Island

Hassan Hakmoun & Don Cherry: Gift of the Gnawa - Flyng Fish

The Splendid Gnawa Masters Featuring Randy Weston - Verve/Polygram