GENEALOGY
Spanish language and Papiamento used by functionally-literates
in 99% of PR and 99% of Curacao 1493-1950
Spanish
used by semi-literates
in 99% of PR 1950
/////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
About 1660 Curaçao had developed into the centre of the Caribbean (DUTCH) slave trade. From 1713 on the slave trade became less profitable. Generally speaking, in Curaçao fewer Slaves were needed, as agriculture was not practiced on a large scale. By 1788 the WIC had shipped approximately 500,000 Slaves to Curaçao. Owing to the inadequate soil arid very hot and dry climate there have never been large-scale plantations on the island of Curaçao. Above all things, the Dutch were traders and not agriculturists. They usually invested their profit in lucrative sugar cane plantations in other countries. When the first efforts to practice agriculture yielded poor results, the plantations were converted into prestigious manor houses for top officials of the WIC.
“In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic economic study, The Wealth of Nations, that slavery was uneconomical because the plantation system was a wasteful use of land and because Slaves cost more to maintain than free laborers.” Smith inferred that the Slave countries and Slave areas will remain poor while the “free laborers” areas would prosper. It was a prediction that has held true and continues till today. The NORTH “free laborers” grew at a rapid rate when they accepted the European immigrant in a little over fifty (50) yrs and was 9x larger in GDP than the SOUTH “slave countries”” during the Civil War. And today reducing the cost of labor through high technology or “exporting jobs” to countries that can produce similar quality cheaply with “free laborers” is the key to success in a WORLD ECONOMY for the consumer industrial high-tech country and the “free laborers” 3rd world worker country.
saxakali.com/caribbean/shamil.htm
scroll down
p. 105 june 1758 no. 58 - OAC 1534 (this is the number of the original, in the Archive ARA in The Hague, The Netherlands.
Note: The original was in such a bad condition due to age that it could not be handled without it crumbling. It could not be copied by usual copying methods into a legible document in Holland and was read and deciphered by a The Hague civil worker and later translated by Christel Monsanto.
We, Isaac Faesch, Governor over Curaçao and its dependent districts, representing the high gentlemen of the Generaale Geoctroijeerde Westindische Compagnie State General of the United Netherlands and the highly respected gentlemen administrators of the West Indien Company of the Netherlands, as well as everyone who shall see, hear or read this announcement, let it be known:
That the honorable gentleman Nathanael Ellis, former counsel of this island, has absolutely freed and discharged from slave service his honorable negro woman named Maria Magdalena Kiring (read wrong, ink flawed by time or misspelled KIPING online) Dongo with her youngest (child) Andrea Genia, for the (sum) of three hundred pieces of eight cash money received from said negro woman Maria Magdalena Kiring Dongo. We ask therefore that, everyone including all people of either high or low standing to respect the earlier mentioned Maria Magdalena Kiring Dongo with her youngest child Andrea Genia when presenting this (paper) for manumitted persons as free persons as we also on such
next page
occasions shall try to respect and appreciate with proper thanksgiving.... Given the great seal which we are holding of the Generaale Geoctroijeerde Westindische Compagnie at Fort Amsterdam in Curaçao, the .....(obscure date) 1758. Was signed
Faesch. Ordained by the same.
B(ughy)
secretary
approved: Nathan. Ellis
Original Dutch
version on bottom of page
Translation and empty space comments above by Christel Monsanto in
Curacao who helped immeasurably in my quest.
1. How did she get 300 pesos? - a substantial amount for the time?!!!! Did she have enough left over to buy a house?
2. Does “youngest child” mean she had older children not covered by the manumission?
3. Why was the surname not ELLIS? All Slaves usually took master’s surname.
4. Why was she given this DUTCH PAPIAMENTO surname in Spanish format? Slaves usually had only one name and usually given one surname - Spanish and Portuguese people usually have split surnames with the mother’s surname DONGO-DONCKER last.
5. Who was the father of Andrea Genia? (Andreo?...Eugenio?.KIRING? .DONCKER?... almost assuredly not ELLIS?)
6. Was another not mentioned the father of Andrea Genia?
7. Was Andrea Genia mulatta? Slaves u8. Why was her recently “given” surname split? This is unusual and now extinct.
9. Was there a Quirijn DONCKER, QUIRINDONGO or other variations lurking about?
10.Why is there no mention of the Kirindongo Abou locality? Ie. “from the town of Kiring Dongo”
11.Was present day Kirindongo Abou locality formerly a slave quarter?
12.If slave quarter what was the name of the plantation?
13.Where or with whom did she live before and after manumission?
14.Was Andrea Genia sister of Pedro QUIRINDONGO (mulatto) b. abt.1730?
15.Are there any others before or after 1758 with same Kiring Dongo split surname?
16.Were Pedro QUIRINDONGO (born abt.1730) and Maria Magdalena KIRING DONGO siblings?
17.Does split surname indicate a specific father?
18.Was this manumission specifically for the underage child Andrea Genia primarily? ONE paper for 2 persons seems illogical and cumbersome... and the mention of “youngest” child infers more. There are no more manumission around the same time for other KIRING DONGO.
19. Since the manumission was written in DUTCH, why was the surname KIRING DONGO written in papamiento?
20. Was Maria Magdalena mother of Pedro at a late time in life, perhaps 48 y.o.?
1634 Dutch “encounter” seventy (70) Amerindians in Curacao 1634 Pg 73 Jews Of NA
1634 Dutch find 32 Spaniards and 1,415 Amerindians Pg 47 EL PAPIAMIENTO Rodolfo LENZ
1678 THE PEACE AT NIJMEGEN - “The Caribbean remained a theater of (military struggle)..., but the Dutch...became only interested... impotent bystanders.” Pg 482 - the Dutch in the Caribbean.
1679 Jan DONCKER Governor of Curacao - resigns 1679 for
business - Pg 86 - Emmanuel, Isaac S.
and Suzanne A. JEWS OF THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
1679 ELLIS and DONCKER families become the largest slavers in Dutch West Indies. - ibid vol. 2. ref.
1712? Maria Magdalena slave born?
abt.1730 Pedro QUIRINDONGO born. LDS IGI - documented in PR 1818.
abt.1730 (Maria) Sabina DIAS born. LDS IGI - documented in PR 1818.
1738? Maria Magdalena slave born.?
1747 Dutch West Indie Report - 94% White families had mixed-blood Slaves - Pg 86 ibid
1758 Maria Magdalena buys freedom and KIRING DONGO surname from Nathaniel ELLIS for herself and daughter Andrea Genia with cash.
abt.1770 Juan Pedro QUIRINDONGO born IGI - documented in PR 1818.
1780 Pedro QUIRINDONGO (free negro or mulatto) arrives in PR as a carpenter age abt. 50 y.o. - pg.255 Jorge Chinea RACIAL POLITICS AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE.
abt.1789 Pedro QUIRINDONGO mulatto marries (Maria) Sabina DIAS LDS IGI - documented in PR 1818.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
1815 CEDULA de GRACIAS - many Europeans and White people go to PR for free land.
1796 Pedro Quirindongo, son of (Nicolas? and Catalina?) listed as 28 years old, moreno, and living in Tallaboa, Penuelas born abt 1768? children Juan Pedro, Leocadia, Alexandro, Miguel, Francisco, Juan Tomas, Ysabel Maria, Maria del Rosario, Maria Maubrisia and Eugenio.
from the Archivo General de P.R. submitted by Professor Chinea
Are the Moreno Pedro and the Pedro negro olandes the same person?
1863 Many Kirindongo in all spelling variations suddenly are registered in Curacao - all Black.former slaves
Black Slaves in the USA had no surnames before 1863 abolition. i.e. Uncle Ben and Aunt Jemima who are depicted as full blooded Black Slaves in slave attire in the USA and Carpata and Tula slave revolutionists in Curacao. Free Blacks and some mixed heritage house-Slaves had surnames. They chose surnames of their White fathers or in some cases their Black or Amerindian masters but in any case they chose largely anglo surnames in the USA even if they had Black, Amerindian parent’s or masters. House-Slaves followed a maternal rather than the usual paternal surname descendency. In other words, Sally Hemings’ mother was Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings. Betty Hemings’ mother was a slave from Africa.
masters
John Hemings--------->John Wayles--------------->Thomas ? Jefferson---------------Jefferson
female slave--------->Betty Hemings (mulatta)->Sally Hemings (quadroon)---------Hemings
In Curacao they had many surnames to choose from i.e. Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Danish, Jewish, English and PAPIAMENTO. They never picked African names as surnames.
see: cgi.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/index.html
The usual case as in Thomas Jefferson and quadroon houseslave Sally Hemings...is that if a slave had a surname it was because of an original white owner who usually refused to free the slave son or daughter sired by his own legitimate children. They sometimes freed them or admitted familial parentage on their deathbed or Will. But in any case a surname was added to indicate mixed blood.
In this case, Sally is the daughter of Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings and, allegedly, John Wayles...(or more likely his son)...John was married to Martha Eppes Wayles.
Elizabeth did not give Sally the father’s surname (perhaps Wayles); and Sally did not give her four children their father’s surname (perhaps Jefferson) either.
The fact that Sally’s mother also had the same surname, possibly means the mother Elizabeth also was of prior mixed heritage: therefore Sally Hemings (not) Wayles, a slave, was a quadroon ¾ White or octoroon 7/8 White.
John Hemings most likely was the original slave owner prior to John Wayles whose children had children with the recently arrived non-surnamed female African Black slave.
Jefferson’s daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph privately denied the published reports. Two of her children, Ellen Randolph Coolidge and Thomas Jefferson Randolph, maintained many years later that such a liaison was not possible, on both moral and practical grounds. They also intimated that Jefferson’s nephews Peter and Samuel Carr were likely the fathers of the light-skinned Monticello Slaves some thought to be Jefferson’s children because of their resemblance to him.
This is common in PR - the master’s children are the fathers of the houseslave’s children. Sometimes the female houseslave would have multiple liaisons with visitors and neigbors also and her light skinned children would all have different fathers not ALL white.
The DNA study found a possible link between the descendants of Field Jefferson and Thomas C. Woodson (1790-1879), whose family members have long held that he was the son of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings. Madison Hemings, Sally’s second-youngest son, said in 1873 that his mother had been pregnant with Jefferson’s child (who, he said, lived “but a short time”) when she returned from France in 1789. But there is no indication in Jefferson’s records of a child born to Hemings before 1795, and there are no known documents to support that Thomas Woodson was Hemings’ first child.
Two Staten Island women who are descendants of Thomas Jefferson’s slave and mistress Sally Hemings are in Virginia this weekend, watching as the third President’s Main-Line descendants decide whether they belong in the Jefferson family tree.
Early indications are that the Main-Line (read “white”) family members will vote that there is insufficient evidence to welcome the Hemings line (read “Black”) as true Jeffersons.
Gathered at Charlottesville, Va., the Monticello Association is scheduled to vote today on a report recommending that Hemings’ descendants be excluded from membership and burial in the family cemetery.
In 1998, DNA testing established a link between the male line of Jeffersons and some Hemings descendants. The test results helped convince many Jefferson scholars that Jefferson was the father of at least one, and possibly all six, of Hemings’ children. The two Staten Islanders are Julia Westerinen and her daughter, Dorothy, who consider themselves white descendants of Hemings’ son Eston.
“Sally was one-quarter Black,” said Dorothy Westerinen,44, an office manager in a Staten Island office furniture dealership. “Some of her children stayed in the Black world and pretended it hadn’t happened.”
Although some of the Jeffersons might demand more proof that the third President was her ancestor, Westerinen says she has absolutely no doubt.”Other people have oral history, but I have DNA history,” she said. “My uncle, John Jefferson, was tested in 1998, and the test showed that he definitely was a Jefferson descendant.”
Altho’ she is described as “negro,” it is remotely possible that Maria Magdalena KIRING DONGO was a Mulatta or quadroon house slave similar to Sally HEMINGS who had amassed some money being a house slave (or by other legitimate or semi-illegitimate means) and had become accustomed to the father’s or previous master’s surname as per Sally Hemings (1773-1835) which was usual to show the original maternal slave lineage. Sally Hemings was a Thomas Jefferson “house” slave described as having light skin “near white...and long straight hair down her back.” Sally’s children passed for white after abolition and altho’ having the Hemings surname verbally claimed Jefferson parentage. It is both amazing and surprising that Maria Magdalena KIRING DONGO saved enough money in 1758 to be manumitted free in a poor country while Sally Hemings et al in a rich country did not.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Bureau of the Census in 1918. chapter 11 is entitled Color-Black And Mulatto Elements.
“Be particularly careful to distinguish between Blacks, mulattoes, quadroons, and octoroons. The word ‘Black’ should be used to describe those persons who have three-fourths or more Black blood; ‘mulatto’ those persons who have three-eighths to five-eighths Black blood; ‘quadroon’ those persons who have one-fourth Black blood; and ‘octoroon’ those persons who have one-eighth or any trace of Black blood.”
These terms (quadroon and octoroon) for Race fell out of favor and phenotype and/or preference due to Black sub-culture became popular and the line between Black and White was somewhat obscured by the “one drop” definition where just one drop of Black blood was enough to define a Black racial identity in spite of phenotype. This definition soon also fell out of favor and phenotype became the generally accepted factor in determining Race unless a “white looking” person defines himself by subculture or bloodline as being Black.
At that time in history, Jesse Jackson, Adam Clayton Powell, Michael Jackson, Lena Horne, Whitney Houston and Malcolm X would have been classified other than Black. Dred Scott was an OCTOROON but appeared Black in print. While Homer PLESSY also octoroon and a picture shows him as Black appeared White enough to gain entrance to a White area.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
courses.washington.edu/hum523/red/quadroon.html
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
lsm.crt.state.la.us/mjohns/mjohn2.htm
**note: Manette “mulatress” and daughter Delphine “quadroon” have no surnames.
---note also that:
1. two names were given for “Maranthe, called Emerance Africaine” in other words her new world name and her African name - and is addressed later in document in her African name Emerance
· no problem nor conflict in the voluntary use of either the “American” or “African” name seen in sharp contrary to ROOTS by Alex Haley.
2. her daughter Louise also a “negress” has no surname.
Captain DeLanzos died in 1812 and his widow sold the house the following year to a Belgian immigrant lawyer named Dominique Seghers. Seghers and his wife, Dame Marie Anne Dotrange of Brussels, lived here with their children amid great luxury. After Madame Seghers death in 1819, the family’s property and household goods were inventoried for sale in order to pay off the family’s debts. Madame’s belongings included thirty-four dresses and more than a dozen pieces of gold and diamond jewelry, while her husband’s library contained more than 500 volumes in various languages. The family’s culinary stores included sugar and coffee from Havana, more than 100 bottles of imported wine and assorted liquors, and extensive household goods including numerous pieces of silver and fine French porcelains.
The Seghers’ succession listed extensive amounts of personal property. Included in the sale of their household goods were four female Slaves who were described and valued as follows:
**Manette, mulatress, aged around thirty nine to forty years, Creole of this State, good servant proper for everything, good cook, good laundress, good presser, dry plaiter (makes braids in hair while dry), and good subject - $2,500
**Delphine, daughter of the said Manette, quadroon, aged around nineteen years, good servant and seamstress, before becoming free when she shall have acquired or attained the age of thirty years, Creole of this state - estimated under the consideration of her future liberty - $800
--- A negress named Maranthe, called Emerance Africaine, aged around forty seven years, cook and laundress, good servant, good subject - $1,200
--- A negress named Louise,daughter of the said Emerance, Creole of this state, aged around thirteen years, servant and seamstress - $1,200
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Also be advised that although the OFFICIAL language was DUTCH, the vernacular was PAPIAMENTO, a pidgin Spanish from the Spanish period aided and abetted by Sephardic Jews.)
Wij isaac faesch, gouveneur over Curacao ende desselfs onderhoo(rige) districten, repraesent erende haar hoog moogende de heeren staaten generael der vareenigde neederlanden mitsgadera de ed(ele) groot achtb(are) heeren bewindhebberen van de Generaale Geoctroroijeerde Westlndische Compagnie derselver Nederlanden, allen den geenen die deezen zullen zien ofte hooren leesen salut. Doen te weten:
Dat den Edele Heere Nathanael Ellis, oud Raad deeses Eijlands, volkoomen vrijgegeven ende van allen slaafschen dienst ontslaagen heeft sijn Edele negerin genaamt Maria Magdalena Kiring Dongo met haar jongste (kind) Andrea Genia, ende zulks voor de (somma) van driehondert stucken (...) in contante gelden van gemelde negirin Maria Magdalena Kiring Dongo ontfangen. Versoekende derhalven allen ende eenen ijgelijken zoo hooge als laage standpersoonen de voorsz. Maria Magdalena Kiring Dongo met haar jongste kind Andrea Genia op de verthooninge deeses voor vrijgekogte persoonen te erkennen, mitsgaders haar de effecte van dien volkoomen te laaten genieten en daarvan jouiseeeren, ‘t wel wij in diergelijke
folio verso
occasien sullen tragten te verschuldigen en met behoolijke dankbaarheyt(...) erkennen. Gegeven onder ons hand (...) grootzegel van de Generaale Geoctroijeerde Westindische Compagnie in Fort Amsterdan op Curacao den (...) 1758. Was eteekend faesch.Ter ordonnantie van de selve.
secretaris
Click below
1. THE CASE FOR SPANISH ORIGIN…
2. THE CASE FOR INDIGENOUS CURACAO ORIGIN…
4. THE CASE AGAINST AFRICAN ORIGIN (whole or in part)…
Any combination of all 4 origins of KIRINDONGO in Spanish, Indigenous Amerindian, Dutch. (or African ?)