(caption)

De negro y espanola sale mulato

From a Black man and Spanish woman the result is a Mulatto child

From much earlier than the 7^th century (some say the 2^nd century) the East Africa coast and what is now Yemen Arabs had dealt in Black slavery (see map reddish coastline on right above) but Black slavery escalated with the birth of Islam the domestication of the camel and the conquest of the Sahara from the north Africa White ancient Berbers. Black Sub Sahara Africa Arab slavery continued on both the East, West coasts of Africa in addition to a more limited trans-Sahara route through the 16^th century until today in a narrow provincial way. During nine (9) centuries from 700 ad to 1500 ad an estimated low of six (6) million Sub Sahara Black slaves mostly females and eunuchs of whom twice to three times that number died on the way were transported along with GOLD IVORY and SALT across the Sahara by Muslim Arab and Muslim Black Slave traders to Europe the Middle East and the Mediterranean across the Sahara from along the Niger river in Timbuktu. ref: History Channel THE SAHARA

Throughout the Middle Ages, a regular trade in slaves and a form of slavery existed that included Blacks from Central Africa, Mongols and whites from the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. The Christian, Jewish and Islamic traders of Southern Europe and Northern Africa found steady sources. Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Byzantine Empire received Black Muslim slaves. North Africans received White Christian slaves. The Arab slave trade in the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean pre-dates the arrival of any significant number of sea-faring Europeans to the Sub Sahara African continent. This ethnic and religious Muslim custom of enslaving Black Sub Sahara Africans continued at a greater volume circa 1500 by sea to a new market in the New World with new European partners .

The first Christians (Europeans) to exploit the Sub Sahara were the Italians mostly from Venice starting in the 1100s. Subsequently BEFORE the 1440s came the Portuguese, applying seafaring ideas and the “Sabir” language originally developed in ancient and medieval Italian sea trading cities often using Jewish and Italian venture capital, They started trading Black sub-Saharan slaves to support the economy of the sugar plantations mainly for the Portuguese African colonies of Madeira off the coast of Europe and Sao Tome off the coast of Africa and after 1456 Cape Verde. The Middle Passage and the Atlantic Slave Trade came later adding two (2) million Black Slaves to Europe and another estimated ten (10) million Black Slaves to the New World of which half died from disease, overwork and maltreatment occurring chiefly in the transatlantic ocean voyage and in the New World with tropical diseases in Brazil and the West Indies during the 1500s to 1860s. In 1807 Slavery sea trade was abolished by England but it continued in the Old and New World until 1833-1870 when Slave owners were compensated in both the Old and New World with exception of the USA. Slavery continued in Africa by Muslims especially in the Sudan at a smaller volume until today.

Black slave trade to Western Europe and the Mediterranean

Spain

ESCLAVA ESCLAVOS DeABANA ABANO DeANGOLA ANSOLA DeENGOLA ANGULA ANGULO ANGULO TRIGUENO GUINEA GUINEA CRIADO CRIADO CRIADA CRIADA GRIFO DeCARABAL CARABALLO CARABALLO CARABALLO MALI SCHWARZE DeNEGRITO DeMOYA MOYO DelMOYO MOYO LIGADA LIGADA LLIGADA DeSEMI PRAT Y SEMI DeAFRICA AFRICANA AFRICANO PRIETO PRIETA MULATO NEGRA NEGRO NEGRETE CRESPO CRESPA NERA DeLaMARRONA MARRONA CRISPA CRISPO MARRON PARDO PARDA PARDE DeLaPARDE NEGRON DeCONGO PRITO DeBRITO BRITO LeNERO LaNEGRA FULANO DeSULANO IBO INDIO MAYA DeJIBARA ARUBA ARUBA PUEBLO INCA INCA INCA INCA CHACON CHACON CHACO MANDARIN SABACHE

Italy

CIACONI DELLI SCHIAVI LA SCHIAVA Lo SCHIAVO D'ABANO D'ABANO LAMINA SCHIAVO SCHIAVO GRIFO GRIFO MALI SCHWARZER SCHWARZER NERINO NERINA LIGATA LIGATO PRAT SEMI AFRICA AFRICANA AFRICANO SUDANO ANGOLA PRETA PRETO LoPRETO CONGO CRESPI CRISPI CRISPO MARRONA MARRONI MARONE MARRONA MARRONE NEGRI NIGRA NEGRONA NEGRONI Di NIRO NIGRO LaNERA LoNIGRO LoNERO LoNIRO PARDO PARDI ASSANTE D'INDIO TAINO INCA INCA DiCHINO DeCHINO LE BRUN MANDARINO SCHIAVI

Germany

LaMINA AFRICA NUBI DePRATO ANGOLA BRITO NEGERIN LeNOIR LeNOIR HAUSA PARDE MAYA SCHWARTZER LE BRUN LE BRUN SCHWARZER SCHWARTZER SCHWARTZERD SCHWARTZERDT SCHWARTZER SCHWARZER NEGGER NEGGER NEGGER NEGGER NEGGER SCHWARZE NEGER SCHWARZE NEGGER

England France and Europe

Le BRUN Le BRUN Le BRUN KONGO KONGO KONGO KONGO INGOLA ABANA SCHIAVONE DONGO? GHANA SCHVARTZ PRAT D'AFRICA CRISPO NEGERIN SUDAN DePARDO ANGOLA ANGOLA  DePRATO LeNOIR LeNOIR HALBWEISS FULANA IBO NUBI HAUSA HAUSA HAUSA KWA PARDE PARDEE CARIB TAINO MAYA CHINA CHINA CHINA MOYO PRAT NEGRE NEGRONI DeNEGRON NERO LeNIRO LeNOIR ASHANTE MAYA DeBRITO BRITO NERA MULATA PRETO INDIO SCHWARZER LE BRUN NEGER NEGER NEGER NEGER NEGER NEGER PRATT PRATT PRATT PRATT PRATT PRATT PRATT PRATT PRATT LE BRUN MOHR de MOOR MOOR MORA

Peru, Mexico and Argentina

CARABALI CARABALI ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ANGOLA ARAWAK

The significance and implications of all European Latin script surnames above are clear since the WIDE majority of people mixing Races were NOT married and not archived leaving no historical document! We find Shakespeare’s OTHELLO (little Otto in Italian - no surname) the Moor of Venice in England. Venice preceded all Europeans in wholesale of Sub Sahara Black Slaves. The first certainly-known performance of Shakespeare’s OTHELLO occurred on November 1, 1604, at Whitehall Palace in London. Subsequent performances took place on Monday, April 30, 1610 at the Globe Theatre; on Nov. 22, 1629; and on May 6, 1635 at the Blackfriars Theatre leaving no doubt that Sub Sahara Blacks had settled in Italy Greece Spain Portugal and Europe very early.

There are few in number Sub-Sahara Africa place-name-surnames Sudan and Congo and the tribal Nubi, Assante, Ibo etc. Also note that some descriptive surnames are in European (Italian) Latin script which predates Slavery, the Roman Empire and the Christian era.

Racial mixing was worldwide in historical times as genetic migrations show but recently more so in the following nations  Portugal; Spain;  Italy;  the Netherlands; Albania;  Yugoslavia; Greece; Romania;  Bulgaria;  Southern Russia; South and Central America; South Africa; and the far north of the Scandinavian lands. France, Britain, all of Western Europe, the USA and Canada.

The Black concentration in West Asia, and Europe, ranged circa 2 percent during the thirteen hundred fifty (1,350) yrs of the RED-SEA EAST-AFRICA, TRANS-SAHARA, BLACK SLAVE TRADE and later Europe, West Asia, India and additionally Argentina Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico and Canada MIDDLE-PASSAGE three hundred fifty (350) yr BLACK SLAVE TRADE however with the prevalence of intermarriage and Racial mixing the sub Sahara Black minority blended into the society at large and has ceased to be counted as "black" only their surnames denoting Race and DNA remain.

Ethnic phenotypic composition of present day PR

High profile mixed and European Blacks people include Pushkin Dumas Peter Ustinoff Shirley Bassey and possibly Josephine and more.

Angola and Africa are ancient European names altho’ they were “hijacked” by the incognizanti.

In the NEW WORLD White European intermingling was with Black and Amerindian females.

to My Conclusions to Oral History to RACE to History of Surname QUIRINDONGO and mtDNA Arroyo